Конспектор курсов

Biology

• Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells via four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
• ATP is synthesised in the mitochondria through oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration.
• DNA replication follows a semi-conservative model — each new strand uses the original as a template.

History

• The Treaty of Versailles (1919) imposed war guilt, reparations, and territorial losses on Germany.
• The Great Depression accelerated the rise of authoritarian regimes across Europe in the 1930s.
• Decolonisation movements gained momentum after World War II as European powers weakened.

Economics

• Supply and demand determine equilibrium price; a shift in either curve changes the market outcome.
• Comparative advantage explains why countries benefit from specialisation and trade even when one country is more productive in all goods.
• Monetary policy tools include interest rate adjustments and open market operations to control inflation.

Computer Science

• Big-O notation describes algorithmic complexity: O(1) is constant time, O(n log n) is typical for efficient sorting.
• A binary search tree allows average O(log n) search, insertion, and deletion.
• TCP/IP underpins internet communication; TCP guarantees delivery while UDP prioritises speed.

Law

• Consideration is a core element of contract formation — both parties must exchange something of value.
• Tort law distinguishes between negligence (unintentional harm) and intentional torts.
• Stare decisis binds lower courts to follow precedents set by higher courts within the same jurisdiction.

Psychology

• Classical conditioning (Pavlov) pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned one until the neutral stimulus alone triggers a response.
• Cognitive dissonance arises when a person holds conflicting beliefs and is motivated to reduce the tension.
• The hippocampus plays a critical role in converting short-term memories into long-term declarative memories.

Philosophy

• Kant's categorical imperative requires acting only according to maxims you could will to be universal laws.
• Utilitarianism (Mill) judges actions by their consequences: the right action maximises overall happiness.
• Epistemology examines the nature, sources, and limits of human knowledge.

Mathematics

• A function is continuous at a point if the limit as x approaches that point equals the function's value there.
• The fundamental theorem of calculus links differentiation and integration as inverse operations.
• Proof by induction shows a statement holds for all natural numbers by verifying the base case and the inductive step.

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